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No. 一 batch different form word Whole 理 Table |
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Previous Word This specification specifies the recommended word forms for heteromorphic words in written Mandarin。 This specification was proposed by the Department of Language Application Management of the Ministry of Education。 This specification was approved by the Language and Writing Standards (Standards) Approval Committee of the National Language Working Committee。 This specification is provided by the Ministry of Education、The National Language Working Committee issued a trial implementation。 This specification was drafted by: Chinese Language Newspapers and Periodicals Association. The drafter of this specification: Li Xingjian、Ying Yutian、Xie Zhibin、Sun Guanggui、Zou Yuhua、Zhang Yuquan、Xi Fengqi and others。Cao Xianzhuo、Fu Yonghe、Gao Guinsheng、Su Peicheng、Ji Hengquan serves as consultant。Hunan Changde Normal University、Relevant personnel from Shandong Weifang University and Hunan Changsha Normal School participated in the development work。 Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China National Language Working Committee Language and character specifications GF 1001-2001 No. 一 batch different form word Whole 理 Table The First Series of Standardized Forms of Words with Non-standardized Variant Forms 1 Scope This specification is a recommended trial specification。According to“Positive and steady、Step by step、Differential treatment、Organize in batches”’s work policy，Selected items commonly used in written Mandarin、338 groups (excluding the 44 groups in the appendix) of heteromorphic words (including words dafabet online sports betting appand fixed phrases) in which the public's tendency to choose is relatively obvious，Organized as the first batch，The recommended word forms for each group of heteromorphic words are given。 This specification applies to Mandarin written language，Including Chinese teaching、News Publishing、Dictionary compilation、Information processing, etc.。 2 Normative reference documents The first batch of variant characters (Ministry of Culture of the People’s Republic of China on December 22, 1955、Published by the Chinese Character Reform Commission) Hanyu Pinyin Plan (approved by the Fifth Session of the First National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on February 11, 1958) Pronunciation table of different pronunciations of Mandarin words (National Language Working Committee, December 27, 1985、Published by the National Education Commission and the Ministry of Radio and Television) General list of simplified characters (republished by the National Language Working Committee with the approval of the State Council on October 10, 1986) List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese (National Language and Character Working Committee on January 26, 1988、Published by the National Education Commission) Modern Chinese Common Character List (National Language and Character Working Committee on March 25, 1988、Published by the Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China) GB／T 16159-1996 Basic rules of Chinese Pinyin orthography 3 Terms 3.1 variant forms of the same word） Homophones that coexist and are used in Mandarin written language (referring to the sound in this specification、rhyme、The tone is exactly the same)、Synonymous (referring to rational meaning in this specification、Words with the same color meaning and grammatical meaning but different writing forms。 3.2 variant forms of a Chinese character） The same pronunciation as the prescribed traditional Chinese characters、Words with the same meaning but different spellings。This specification specifically refers to the variant characters that were eliminated by the "First Batch of Variant Characters Collection List"。 3.3 Word form (word form／lexical form） This specification refers to the written form of words. 3.4 Corpus This specification refers to the language data in written Mandarin used for word frequency statistics。 3.5 Word frequency (word frequency) The frequency of occurrence of the same word in a certain amount of corpus，Generally expressed by the number of occurrences or coverage of words。The number of occurrences of the word in this specification。 4 Main principles for organizing heteromorphic words The emergence of heteromorphic words in modern Chinese has a historical development process，Involving shapes、sound、Yi and many other aspects。Comprehensive consideration must be taken when sorting out heteromorphic words、Overall planning。Based on reality，Respect history；Pay full attention to the systematic nature of language，Also acknowledges the special circumstances in development and evolution。 4.1 Principle of universality Based on scientific word frequency statistics and social surveys，Select word forms commonly used by the public as recommended word forms。Take the principle of universality as the dafabet best online betting websitefirst principle for sorting out heteromorphic words，This is determined by the conventional social attributes of language。According to multiple inspections，More than 90% of common heteromorphic words gradually show significant differences in word frequency during use，Most of the word forms that conform to the principle of universality are consistent with principles such as rationality。Even if a few words with high frequency are not completely consistent with their etymology or rationale，But once the agreement is made，Society’s choice should also be respected。such as“Respectfully 24——Be respectful and respectful 0”(Number indicates word frequency，The same below)，From the source，“Be respectful”Occurred earlier，But the meaning of this idiom has changed during its spread，By“Must be respectful”evolves into“Very respectful”，The reasons are also different。Judging from the current frequency of use，“Respectfully”Strong versatility，So “Respectfully”is the recommended word form。 4.2 Principle of rationale Some variant words are currently less commonly used，Or there is no significant difference in word frequency，It is difficult to determine the choice based on the principle of universality，Recommend a more reasonable word form from the rational perspective of word development，To facilitate understanding of word meaning and ease of use。such as“Commandment 1——Rule 2”，“Quiet”“Commandment”is a homologous word，In ancient times, there were both“Warning”and“Alert”righteousness，So both word forms are etymologically consistent。But in modern Chinese, “Commandment”Multiple tables“Warning”righteousness，“Quiet”Multiple tables“Alert”righteousness，“Regulations”This is to persuade with words，“Commandment”is more consistent with the word meaning，So “Regulations”is the recommended word form。 4.3 Systematic principle The vocabulary has strong internal systematicity，When sorting out heteromorphic words, consider the consistency of word usage in the same morpheme series。such as“extravagant0——Long waste 0;—Waste 3”，Based on frequency of use，Difficult to determine the choice。But the same series of different-shaped words“Luxury 87——luxury 17”，The former has obvious advantages，Therefore the entire series is determined to contain “Miscellaneous”is the recommended word form。 The above three principles are just the three main points in choosing different-shaped words，Specifically, each group of words needs to be considered comprehensively to decide the choice。 Also，There are currently a number of heteromorphic words containing non-standard characters (i.e. variant characters that have been abolished by the country or simplified traditional Chinese characters) that dafabet best online casinoare popular in society，Causing confusion in the use of written language。This time I have selected some of the more influential ones as appendices，Explicitly abolished as a non-standard word form。 5 Explanation of "The First Batch of Alien Words Collection List" 5.1 This watch is in the process of being developed，Used from "People's Daily" 1995——All works in 2000 were used as corpus to conduct word frequency statistics and analysis of heteromorphic words，And carry out manual intervention one by one，Exclude the errors of computer statistics as much as possible，Some strange words are also used in "People's Daily" 1987——1995 corpus and 1996——The corpus of 66 social science magazines and 158 natural science magazines in 1997 was sampled and reviewed。Also referred to reference books such as "Modern Chinese Dictionary", "Chinese Dictionary", "Cihai", "Xinhua Dictionary", "Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary" and articles discussing heteromorphic words。 5.2 The dash before each group of heteromorphic words is the selected recommended word form。Individual issues that need explanation in the table，Attached to the table as a comment。 5.3 The entries in this table are arranged in the order of the Chinese Pinyin of the first character，Homophones are arranged according to the number of strokes from least to most。 5.4 Non-standard word forms listed in the appendix are enclosed in parentheses，The eliminated variant characters and simplified traditional Chinese characters are marked with &ldquo in the upper left corner;*”No. indicated。 The first batch of special-shaped word sorting list A Suppression—Suppression àｎｎà Note—Word àｎｽǔ B Everything can be prosperous from all wastes—Everything can be prospered from wastes ｂǎｽｆèｉ-jùｘīｎɡ Louvres—Louvres bǎiｽèｃｈｕāｎɡ Gray white-ban white, awarded white bāｎｂái Mottled—Mottled bāｎｂó Spore—spores ｂāｏｽǐ Bodyguard—Bodyguard ｂǎobiｋｋｏ Nanny - nanny, nanny ｂǎｏｍǔ Seniority—Seniority bèｽｽifèｎ Duty—This běｎｆèｎ strokes—strokes bǐｈｕà Be respectful—respectfully be respectful ｂìɡōnɡ-bìjìｎɡ Editor’s Note—Editor’s Note ｉāｽｽzhě’àｎ Lentils - kidney beans, kidney beans, starch beans ｂｉｎｎndòｕ Mark—logo ｂｉｏｽｈì sideburns—sideburns bìｎｊｽiǎｏ Inheritance—Inheritance bǐｎɡｋchéｎɡ Patch—repair,patch bǔｽdinɡ C Participate—Participate ｃｎｽù Bleak—miserable ｃǎｎｄàｎ Zhachi—Zhachi ｈāｃｈí Blending—Blending ｈｈｎｈｏ ① Adulteration—adulteration ｈｈｎｊｉ Doping—Doping chānzá Eradicate—Eradicate ｈｎnchú 徜徉—嘘佯 ｈáｎɡyáｎɡ Car—Car ｈēｘｽāｎɡ Completely and to the end ｈèｽdǐ Contemplation—Contemplation ｈéｎｓī ② Satisfying—taking your heart ｈèｎｘīｎ Ingredients—Ingredients ｈéｎɡｆèｎ Clearness—Clearness ｈéｎɡｋchè Xi Mi—Xi Mi ｈｐｍí Planning—Planning ｈóuhuà
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